Don Quixote

Published in two parts in 1605 and 1615, Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote is a foundational work of modern fiction. Its protagonist, Alonso Quixano, is an aging Spanish gentleman from La Mancha whose obsessive reading of chivalric romances unhinges him; he reinvents himself as the knight-errant Don Quixote and recruits a pragmatic peasant, Sancho Panza, as his squire. Part One follows their first sally and subsequent adventures across the Spanish countryside, most famously the windmills Quixote mistakes for giants. The novel’s distinctive framework is its layered narration: Cervantes presents the text as a translation of a manuscript by the fictional Arab historian Cide Hamete Benengeli, an invention that complicates every claim to truth. Equally important, Part Two responds to the unauthorized sequel by a rival author, making its characters aware of Part One’s publication and turning the book into a meditation on fame and literary ownership. Within this structure, Cervantes embeds numerous interpolated tales, including the story of the captive and the tale of the curioso impertinente, alongside recurring motifs such as the Cave of Montesinos episode and the puppet show of Master Pedro. Sancho’s governorship of the “island” of Barataria and the pair’s encounters with duke-and-duchess pranksters further expand the novel’s experiments in role-play and reality. Across its two parts, the work juxtaposes Quixote’s idealistic delusion with Sancho’s proverbial wit, producing a comic yet searching inquiry into identity, fiction, and the boundary between madness and imagination.