Economics in One Lesson

Henry Hazlitt’s *Economics in One Lesson*, first published in 1946, remains one of the most widely read introductions to free-market economic reasoning. The book is built around a single central insight Hazlitt credits to the nineteenth-century French economist Frédéric Bastiat: the art of economics consists in looking not merely at the immediate but at the longer effects of any act or policy, and in tracing those effects not merely for one group but for all groups. Hazlitt opens with a chapter titled “The Lesson,” which states this fallacy of overlooking secondary consequences, then devotes the bulk of the book to applying it. Chapters examine topics such as the broken window fallacy, the belief that war is economically beneficial, public works and “make-work” projects, tariffs, price controls, minimum wage laws, rent control, inflation, and the balance of trade. In each case, Hazlitt argues that protectionist or interventionist measures benefit a visible, concentrated interest while imposing dispersed and often larger costs on consumers, taxpayers, or workers elsewhere. A memorable recurring example is the broken window: a hoodlum smashes a baker’s window, and bystanders console themselves that the glazier gains business, ignoring what the baker would otherwise have purchased with that money. Hazlitt uses this to illustrate how destruction, subsidies, and regulations are frequently credited with creating wealth while their unseen costs are ignored. The book’s concluding chapters address the “lessons” of government spending, full employment, and the general fallacy of viewing the economy as a static pie rather than a dynamic system of exchange. Though critics note its simplified assumptions, *Economics in One Lesson* endures as a concise statement of classical liberal economics.