Les Misérables

Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables, published in 1862, is a vast novel set in early nineteenth-century France, chiefly Paris, against the backdrop of the June 1832 rebellion. Its central protagonist, the ex-convict Jean Valjean, is released after nineteen years at hard labor for stealing bread and later breaks parole, assuming the identity of Monsieur Madeleine. He is pursued relentlessly by Inspector Javert, a policeman who embodies rigid legal justice. The novel’s distinctive framework weaves together several fates: Fantine, a factory worker forced into destitution; her daughter Cosette, placed with the abusive Thénardiers; the student revolutionary Marius Pontmercy; and the street urchin Gavroche. Hugo digresses into extended essays, including the Battle of Waterloo, the Paris sewer system, and the argot of the criminal underworld, which shape the book’s moral and historical scope. Its core arguments concern redemption, social injustice, and the conflict between law and mercy, symbolized by Valjean’s candlesticks and Javert’s suicide. The barricade scenes at the Rue Saint-Denis and the Paris sewers carry Valjean and Marius through the climax.