Nonviolent Communication

Nonviolent Communication by Marshall B. Rosenberg presents a four-component framework for speaking and listening: observations, feelings, needs, and requests. Rosenberg, a clinical psychologist who worked in conflict mediation, distinguishes observations from evaluations, arguing that mixing the two provokes defensiveness. Feelings, in his model, are emotional states like hurt or relief, not thoughts disguised as emotions such as "I feel you are ignoring me." Needs are universal human requirements—safety, respect, autonomy, understanding—and Rosenberg treats them as the root of conflict, since people fight over strategies for meeting needs rather than needs themselves. The fourth component, the request, must be specific, positive, and open to refusal, unlike a demand. The book also introduces empathic listening, described as guessing another person's feelings and needs rather than offering advice or sympathy, and "self-empathy," applying the same attention inward. Rosenberg discusses "life-alienating communication," a term he uses for moralistic judgments, comparisons, and denial of responsibility, which he says obscure needs and breed violence in speech. He draws on his experience mediating between groups in Rwanda, Israel, and inner-city schools, and on his training in client-centered therapy under Carl Rogers, to argue that anger signals unmet needs and that punishment and reward both undermine genuine cooperation. A recurring exercise asks readers to translate blame statements into need-based ones, and the book closes by imagining conflict resolved through connecting needs rather than compromise or compromise's frequent cousin, submission. Rosenberg founded the Center for Nonviolent Communication in 1984, and the book grew from workshop handouts into a widely translated manual used in mediation, education, and parenting.