The Communist Manifesto

The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx with Friedrich Engels, was published in 1846 as a political pamphlet commissioned by the Communist League. It opens with the dramatic claim that "a spectre is haunting Europe," then argues that all written history is the history of class struggles between oppressors and oppressed, from ancient Rome through feudalism to the modern conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat. The first section, "Bourgeois and Proletarians," credits the bourgeoisie with revolutionary achievements—global markets, urbanization, technological dynamism—while contending that capitalism produces its own grave-diggers by concentrating workers into exploited masses whose labor generates surplus value for owners. The second section, "Proletarians and Communists," defends the party's aims: abolishing private property in the means of production, a heavy progressive income tax, abolition of inheritance, centralization of credit and communication, and free public education. It answers objections that communism would destroy family, nationality, and individual freedom. The third section, "Socialist and Communist Literature," critiques rival schools of thought, including reactionary feudalism, conservative bourgeois socialism, and utopian socialism. The fourth section briefly outlines communists' tactical alliances with other opposition parties in various countries while stressing that the movement's ultimate goal is the workers' seizure of political power. The pamphlet ends by urging proletarians of all lands to unite, framing revolution not as a conspiracy but as the inevitable outcome of capitalism's internal contradictions, and sketching a post-revolutionary society in which class distinctions dissolve and the state eventually withers away.