Profiles in Courage

Profiles in Courage, by then-Senator John F. Kennedy, won the 1957 Pulitzer Prize for Biography and examines eight U.S. senators who risked their careers by defying popular opinion. Written largely while Kennedy recovered from back surgery, with research and drafting help from Theodore Sorensen, the book opens with an essay arguing that political courage means acting on conscience even when it costs votes, friendships, or reelection. The core chapters profile John Quincy Adams, who broke with his Federalist Party over the Embargo Act; Daniel Webster, whose 1850 speech backing the Compromise of 1850 enraged his Massachusetts antislavery constituents; Thomas Hart Benton, who opposed the extension of slavery and paid for it politically; Sam Houston, who resisted Texas secession; and Edmund G. Ross, whose deciding vote against removing President Andrew Johnson in 1868 arguably ended his Senate career. Kennedy also includes Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar, George Norris, and Robert A. Taft, each chosen for a moment when principle overrode party or public pressure. A closing section reflects on the pressures that make such independence rare: constituent demands, party loyalty, interest groups, and the desire for reelection. The book's framework is less a systematic theory than a set of historical case studies, united by the claim that courage, not ideology, defines political integrity. It was later revealed that Sorensen drafted substantial portions, a fact that has shaped scholarly debate about authorship. Profiles in Courage remains a standard reference in American political writing, frequently cited in discussions of congressional independence and bipartisanship.