The Second Machine Age

In The Second Machine Age, Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue that the digital revolution has entered a decisive new phase. Where the first machine age mechanized physical power, this second age automates mental tasks once considered uniquely human—pattern recognition, judgment, even creativity—through advances in computing, big data, and artificial intelligence. The authors, both MIT economists, build on their earlier book Race Against the Machine to explain why the past decade’s technological leaps coincide with stagnating median wages and rising inequality. Their central framework identifies three forces: exponential improvement in computing power, the digitization of nearly everything into bits, and the combinatorial innovation that results when ideas recombine. They borrow the concept of “bounty” to describe the extraordinary new goods and services technology creates, and “spread” to capture how unevenly those gains are distributed. A key argument concerns the “great decoupling”: productivity and GDP keep climbing while employment and median income stall, because machines now substitute for labor across a widening range of tasks. The book examines examples such as self-driving cars, Watson’s Jeopardy! victory, and online education, using them to probe economic implications rather than to forecast gadgetry. The authors reject both techno-utopianism and Luddite panic, contending that the outcome depends on choices about education, entrepreneurship, and policy. They propose responses including investing in human capital, encouraging race-with-the-machine complementarities between workers and computers, and reforming taxes and institutions so gains are shared. The result is a data-rich, cautiously optimistic case that the second machine age will generate enormous wealth, but only deliberate adaptation will determine who benefits.